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Martha Craven Nussbaum (; born May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher and the current Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, a chair that includes appointments in the philosophy department and the law school. She has a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, feminism, and ethics, including animal rights. She also holds associate appointments in classics, divinity and political science, is a member of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and a board member of the Human Rights Program. She previously taught at Harvard and Brown.〔("Martha Nussbaum" ), University of Chicago, accessed June 5, 2012.〕 Nussbaum is the author or editor of a number of books, including ''The Fragility of Goodness'' (1986), ''Sex and Social Justice'' (1998), ''The Sleep of Reason'' (2002), ''Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law'' (2004), and ''Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership'' (2006). ==Life and career== Nussbaum was born in New York City, the daughter of George Craven, a Philadelphia lawyer, and Betty Warren, an interior designer and homemaker; during her teenage years, Nussbaum attended the Baldwin School in Bryn Mawr. She described her upbringing as "East Coast WASP elite...very sterile, very preoccupied with money and status".〔McLemee, Scott. ''The Chronicle of Higher Education''. ("What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run?" )〕 She would later credit her impatience with "mandarin philosophers" as the "repudiation of my own aristocratic upbringing. I don't like anything that sets itself up as an in-group or an elite, whether it is the Bloomsbury group or Derrida".〔Boynton, Robert S. ''The New York Times Magazine.'' (Who Needs Philosophy? A Profile of Martha Nussbaum )〕 She studied theatre and classics at New York University, getting a BA in 1969, and gradually moved to philosophy while at Harvard University, where she received an MA in 1972 and a PhD in 1975, studying under G. E. L. Owen. This period also saw her marriage to Alan Nussbaum (divorced in 1987), her conversion to Judaism, and the birth of her daughter Rachel, who is currently a history professor at The Evergreen State College.〔(Evergreen State Faculty Directory "N" as "Nussbaum Wichert, Rachael" )〕 Nussbaum's interest in Judaism has continued and deepened: on August 16, 2008 she became a ''bat mitzvah'' in a service at Temple K. A. M. Isaiah Israel in Chicago's Hyde Park, chanting from the ''Parashah Va-etchanan'' and the ''Haftarah Nahamu'', and delivering a ''D'var Torah'' about the connection between genuine, non-narcissistic consolation and the pursuit of global justice.〔"The Mourner's Hope: Grief and the Foundations of Justice", ''The Boston Review'', November/December 2008., 18-20.〕 During her studies at Harvard, Nussbaum claims she encountered a tremendous amount of discrimination, including sexual harassment, and problems getting childcare for her daughter.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Conversation with Martha C. Nussbaum, p. 1 of 6 )〕 When she became the first woman to hold the Junior Fellowship at Harvard, Nussbaum received a congratulatory note from a "prestigious classicist" who suggested that since "female fellowess" was an awkward name, she should be called ''hetaira'', for in Greece these educated courtesans were the only women who participated in philosophical symposia.〔Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education.'' Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pp. 6-7.〕 She taught philosophy and classics at Harvard in the 1970s and early 1980s, where she was denied tenure by the Classics Department in 1982.〔 Nussbaum then moved to Brown University, where she taught until 1994 when she joined the University of Chicago Law School faculty. Her 1986 book ''The Fragility of Goodness'', on ancient Greek ethics and Greek tragedy, made her a well-known figure throughout the humanities. More recent work (''Frontiers of Justice'') establishes Nussbaum as a theorist of global justice. Nussbaum's work on capabilities has often focused on the unequal freedoms and opportunities of women, and she has developed a distinctive type of feminism, drawing inspiration from the liberal tradition, but emphasizing that liberalism, at its best, entails radical rethinking of gender relations and relations within the family.〔Nussbaum, Martha. ''Women and Human Development''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.〕 Nussbaum's other major area of philosophical work is the emotions. She has defended a ''neo-Stoic'' account of emotions that holds that they are appraisals that ascribe to things and persons, outside the agent's own control, great significance for the person's own flourishing. On this basis she has proposed analyses of grief, compassion, and love,〔Nussbaum, Martha C. Poetic Justice: ''Literary Imagination and Public Life.'' Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.〕 and, in a later book, of disgust and shame.〔Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Hiding from Humanity: Shame, Disgust, and the Law.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.〕 Nussbaum has engaged in many spirited debates with other intellectuals, in her academic writings as well as in the pages of semi-popular magazines and book reviews and, in one instance, when testifying as an expert witness in court. She testified in the Colorado bench trial for ''Romer v. Evans'', arguing against the claim that the history of philosophy provides the state with a "compelling interest" in favor of a law denying gays and lesbians the right to seek passage of local non-discrimination laws. A portion of this testimony, dealing with the potential meanings of the term ''tolmêma'' in Plato's work, was the subject of controversy, and was called misleading and even perjurious by critics.〔(The Stand ) by Daniel Mendelsohn, from ''Lingua Franca'' September 1996.〕〔(Who Needs Philosophy?: A profile of Martha Nussbaum ) by Robert Boynton from ''The New York Times Magazine'', November 21, 1999〕 She responded to these charges in a lengthy article called "Platonic Love and Colorado Law".〔Martha C. Nussbaum. ("Platonic Love and Colorado Law: The Relevance of Ancient Greek Norms to Modern Sexual Controversies" ), Virginia Law Review, Vol. 80, No. 7 (Oct. 1994), pp. 1515-1651.〕 Nussbaum used multiple references from Plato's "Symposium" and his interactions with Socrates as evidence for her argument. The debate continued with a reply by one of her sternest critics, Robert P. George.〔George, Robert P. '"Shameless Acts" Revisited: Some Questions for Martha Nussbaum', Academic Questions 9 (Winter 1995-96), 24-42.〕 Nussbaum has criticized Noam Chomsky as being among the leftist intellectuals who hold the belief that "one should not criticize one’s friends, that solidarity is more important than ethical correctness". She suggests that one can "trace this line to an old Marxist contempt for bourgeois ethics, but it is loathsome whatever its provenance". Among the people whose books she has reviewed critically are Allan Bloom,〔Martha C. Nussbaum, ''(Undemocratic Vistas )'', ''New York Review of Books'', Volume 34, Number 17; November 5, 1987.〕 Harvey Mansfield,〔Martha C. Nussbaum, ''( Man Overboard )'', ''New Republic'', June 22, 2006.〕 and Judith Butler.〔Martha Nussbaum, ''The Professor of Parody'', ''The New Republic'', 1999-02-22; (Copy ) 〕 Her more serious and academic debates have been with figures such as John Rawls, Richard Posner, and Susan Moller Okin.〔(What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run? ) (2001, Includes a timeline of her career, books and related controversies to that time.)〕〔(Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism ) a 1994 essay〕〔''The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future,'' (audio and video recording ) from the (World Beyond the Headline Series )〕〔David Gordon, (Cultivating Humanity, Martha Nussbaum and What Tower? What Babel? ), ''Mises Review'', Winter 1997〕 Nussbaum is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected 1988) and the American Philosophical Society. In 2008 she was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. She is a Founding President and Past President of the Human Development and Capability Association and a Past President of the American Philosophical Association, Central Division. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Martha Nussbaum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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